Yosra Mohammad Awwad Sawarka

November 14, 2019: Yosra Mohammad Awwad Sawarka, 39, was killed along with two of her small children, her brother-in-law, his wife, and three of their children in an Israeli missile strike that hit their family home on Thursday at dawn.

The Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza reported that Israeli missiles targeted a Palestinian home in Deir al-Balah, in central Gaza, killing eight members of the same family, and wounding thirteen others.

The Health Ministry stated that Israeli F16 war jets fired missiles into a home in Deir al-Balah, killing eight family members, and wounding at least thirteen others, most of them women and children.

The remains of two more children were found under the rubble after a lengthy search for survivors.

Mohannad’s best friend Mohammad Mehsen, 14, said to reporters with Middle East Eye at his funeral, “We heard the massive explosion at midnight and immediately rushed to their house. I was shocked. Muhannad’s house completely disappeared, as if it had never been there.”

Although Mohannad was two years younger than Mohammad, he was his “closest friend”.

“I knew Mohannad since we were in kindergarten, we were friends and neighbours, and used to go to school together,” the boy said.

“Mohannad and I used to play with our bicycles every day after school, but when it got dark at night, we loved to play hide and seek,” he smiled. “He loved animals and especially dogs, he always wanted to adopt one”

The Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR) has reported that the slain Sawarka (Abu Malhous) family has been officially identified as:

  1. Rasmi Salem Odah Sawarka, 45.
  2. Mariam Salem Nasser Sawarka, 45.
  3. Mohannad Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 12.
  4. Firas Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 2.
  5.  Salem Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 3.
  6.  Moath Mohammad Salem Sawarka, 7.
  7. Waseem Mohammad Salem Sawarka, 13.
  8. Yosra Mohammad Awwad Sawarka, 39.

Only one toddler survived the Israeli attack and was found shielded by her slain brother. She was identified as Farah Rasmi Salem Al Sawarka, sister to Mohannad, 12, Salem, 3, and Firas, 2, who were killed, and the youngest child of Rasmi Salem al-Sawarka, 45, and Mariam Sawarka. Both parents were also killed. Farah is the only surviving family member. Her uncle, Mohammad, also survived the attack with severe injuries, but his wife and two children – Moath, 7, and Waseem, 13, were killed.

The slain and injured Palestinians were moved to the al-Aqsa hospital, while medics and rescue teams started a search campaign, looking for more Palestinians who might be buried under the rubble.

In related news, a six-month pregnant woman, identified as Iman Abu Tayyim, suffered a miscarriage in a severe anxiety attack after the soldiers fired missiles near her home, east of Khan Younis, in the southern part of the Gaza Strip.

The escalation on the Gaza Strip started when Israel assassinated a senior leader of the Islamic Jihad, identified as Baha’ Abu al-‘Ata, when the soldiers dropped a missile on his home, killing him along with his wife, Asma’, also wounding many members of their family, in addition to a female neighbor, in the Sheja’eyya area, east of Gaza city.

Israeli missiles and shells have caused a power blackout after striking main powerlines and transformers, especially in Gaza city and the northern parts of the coastal region, including Jabalia and Beit Lahia.

The deaths of the 8 family members bring the total number of casualties in the three days of Israeli aggression against Gaza to 34. More than 100 have been wounded. Among the wounded are at least 30 children and 13 women. No Israelis have been killed or wounded.

Just after the family was killed, a ceasefire went into effect at 5:30 am on Thursday morning.

Yosra was from Deir al-Balah, in central Gaza. Source: IMEMC

Mariam Salem Nasser Sawarka

November 14, 2019: Mariam Salem Nasser Sawarka, 45, was killed along with seven other family members in an Israeli missile strike that hit their family home on Thursday at dawn.

The Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza reported that Israeli missiles targeted a Palestinian home in Deir al-Balah, in central Gaza, killing eight members of the same family, and wounding thirteen others.

The Health Ministry stated that Israeli F16 war jets fired missiles into a home in Deir al-Balah, killing eight family members, and wounding at least thirteen others, most of them women and children.

The remains of two more children were found under the rubble after a lengthy search for survivors.

The Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR) has reported that the slain Sawarka (Abu Malhous) family has been officially identified as:

  1. Rasmi Salem Odah Sawarka, 45.
  2. Mariam Salem Nasser Sawarka, 45.
  3. Mohannad Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 12.
  4. Firas Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 2.
  5.  Salem Rasmi Salem Sawarka, 3.
  6.  Moath Mohammad Salem Sawarka, 7.
  7. Waseem Mohammad Salem Sawarka, 13.
  8. Yosra Mohammad Awwad Sawarka, 39.

Only one toddler survived the Israeli attack and was found shielded by her slain brother. She was identified as Farah Rasmi Salem Al Sawarka, sister to Mohannad, 12, Salem, 3, and Firas, 2, who were killed, and the youngest child of Rasmi Salem al-Sawarka, 45, and Mariam Sawarka. Both parents were also killed. Farah is the only surviving family member. Her uncle, Mohammad, also survived the attack with severe injuries, but his wife and two children – Moath, 7, and Waseem, 13, were killed.

The slain and injured Palestinians were moved to the al-Aqsa hospital, while medics and rescue teams started a search campaign, looking for more Palestinians who might be buried under the rubble.

In related news, a six-month pregnant woman, identified as Iman Abu Tayyim, suffered a miscarriage in a severe anxiety attack after the soldiers fired missiles near her home, east of Khan Younis, in the southern part of the Gaza Strip.

The escalation on the Gaza Strip started when Israel assassinated a senior leader of the Islamic Jihad, identified as Baha’ Abu al-‘Ata, when the soldiers dropped a missile on his home, killing him along with his wife, Asma’, also wounding many members of their family, in addition to a female neighbor, in the Sheja’eyya area, east of Gaza city.

Israeli missiles and shells have caused a power blackout after striking main powerlines and transformers, especially in Gaza city and the northern parts of the coastal region, including Jabalia and Beit Lahia.

The deaths of the 8 family members bring the total number of casualties in the three days of Israeli aggression against Gaza to 34. More than 100 have been wounded. Among the wounded are at least 30 children and 13 women. No Israelis have been killed or wounded.

Just after the family was killed, a ceasefire went into effect at 5:30 am on Thursday morning.

Mariam was from Deir al-Balah, in central Gaza. Source: IMEMC

Asma’ Abu al-‘Ata

November 12, 2019: Asma’ Abu al-‘Ata, 42, was killed in an extra-judicial assassination by the Israeli airforce, which killed her along with her husband in an airstrike targeting her husband at their home in the Sheja’eyya area, east of Gaza city, also wounding many members of their family, in addition to a female neighbor. Baha’ was a senior leader of the Islamic Jihad Movement.

The Al-Quds Brigades, the armed wing of the Islamic Jihad in Palestine, said the army assassinated Baha’ and his wife Asma’ Abu al-Ata, in addition to wounding their siblings, Salim, Mohammad, Lian, and Fatima az-Zahra’, in addition to their neighbor Hanan Hallas.

All wounded Palestinians were rushed to the Shifa Medical Center in Gaza.

In an official statement, the al-Quds Brigades confirmed the death of Abu al-‘Ata and his wife, and said he was one of its prominent leaders and personally supervised various attacks against the Israeli army, and added that he was also subject to numerous assassination attempts by Israel.

The Brigades also stated that Israel is declaring war, and that Tel Aviv will witness the retaliation and the repercussions of this assassination.

“Our response will be huge; the enemy is responsible for the outcome of its crimes, and will pay for them,” the brigades added.

The brigades started firing shells into Israel almost an hour after the army assassinated its leader and his wife.

In addition, the Hamas movement and its military wing, the al-Qassam Brigades, also issued statements vowing “fierce and painful retaliation.”

Israeli sources have reported that alarm sirens were sounded in many areas south of the country, including in Ashdod, Ashkelon Beit Elazari, Karmia, and Zikim, Rishon Le Zion, and even in Holon and Rishon Le Zion suburbs in Tel Aviv.

Israel daily Haaretz has reported that all schools were canceled, and bomb shelters were opened in Tel Aviv and many surrounding areas, and in Jerusalem.

It is worth mentioning that the Israeli army, and the Shin Bet, issued a joint statement claiming responsibility for assassinating the senior Islamic Jihad leader, and added that the strike was approved by Israeli Prime Minister and Defense Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu.

Netanyahu’s office said the offensive was recommended by the Israeli Army Chief of Staff and the Shin Bet (Israel’s internal security service) and was approved by Netanyahu.

The strike came just hours before Netanyahu is scheduled to hand the defense portfolio to Naftali Bennet from the Hayamin Hehadash (The New Right) party.

In related news, the Israeli army closed all border terminals in the besieged Gaza Strip and decreased the fishing zone to six nautical miles.

All schools in Gaza were closed amidst mounting tension of a possible massive Israeli offensive against the coastal region.

It is worth mentioning that on the same day, the Israeli Air Force also carried out an attempted assassination attack targeted a Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader in the Syrian capital, Damascus, but instead killed his son.

Syrian sources said the assassination attempt targeted Akram al-Ajjouri, but led to the death of his son Moath, in addition to another person, and injured ten others, including his daughter Batoul.

Following the assassination, Israeli forces carried out numerous airstrikes in the Gaza Strip, killing a total of 10 (including Baha’ and his wife), and wounding 45.

Asma’ was from Sheja’eyya area, east of Gaza city. Source: IMEMC

Nayfa Mohammad Ali Ka’abna

September 18, 2019: Nayfa Mohammad Ali Ka’abna, 50, was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers at Qalandia checkpoint near Jerusalem.

|Update: September 25, 2020: More than a year after her death, Israeli soldiers transferred, on Friday evening, September 25, 2020, the corpse of a Palestinian mother back to her family in Jericho, in the West Bank.|

Israeli sources have confirmed that the wounded Palestinian woman, who was shot by the soldiers after an alleged stabbing attempt, later died from her injuries.

The slain Palestinian woman was later identified as Nayfa Mohammad Ali Ka’abna, 50, from Aqbat Jabr refugee camp, near Jericho in the West Bank.

After she was shot, she was left bleeding for a long time, before an Israeli ambulance moved her to Hadassah Israeli Medical Center in Jerusalem, where she succumbed to her wounds.

Israeli daily Haaretz has reported that the soldiers saw the woman and ordered her to stop, “but she did not heed to their commands, and pulled out a knife” before the soldiers shot her.

Following the incident, the soldiers closed the terminal and maced many Palestinians with pepper-spray while trying to remove them from the area.

A video filmed by a Palestinian bystander shows soldiers several meters away from the woman before one of them shot her, then a soldier approached her and kicked an object away from her.

The soldiers then closed the area and ordered the Palestinian cars away.

Israeli sources have confirmed that nobody else was injured in the incident and added that an army probe is underway.

Following the incident, the soldiers closed the terminal, and maced many Palestinians with pepper-spray while trying to remove them from the area.

Nayfa was from Aqbat Jabr refugee camp, near Jericho in the West Bank. . Source: IMEMC

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Raghda Mohammad Abu al-Jedian

May 5, 2019: Raghda Mohammad Abu al-Jedian, 40, was killed in the Israeli bombardment of residential areas in the Gaza Strip, along with her husband and 12-year old child.

The child’s death was reported on Sunday May 5th, but the bodies of the parents were not uncovered from under the rubble until Monday May 6th, so their deaths were not immediately reported.

The Palestinian Health Ministry confirmed that on Sunday May 5th, Raghda, along with her husband and child, were buried under the rubble of their home, which was bombarded by the Israeli army.

The Ministry said the corpses of Talal ‘Atiya Abu Jedian, 46, who worked as a security guard at the al-Awda Hospital, and his wife Raghda Mohammad Abu al-Jedian, 40, were buried under the rubble of their bombarded apartment at a residential tower in Beit Lahia, in northern Gaza.

Their corpses were recovered the day after the bombing, and were transferred their corpses to the Indonesian Hospital, in northern Gaza Strip.

It is worth mentioning that their child, Abdul-Rahman Talal Abu Jedian, 12, was instantly killed after Israeli missiles struck Residential Tower 12 in Sheikh Zayed City, in northern Gaza.

Their deaths bring the number of slain Palestinians in less that three days of Israeli escalation to 29, including Saba Mahmoud Abu Arar, 14 months, and her pregnant mother, Falasteen Saleh Abu Arar, 37, in addition to Maria Ahmad al-Ghazali, 4 months, and her mother Eman Abdullah al-Ghazali, 30.

Raghda was from Beit Lahia, in the northern Gaza Strip. Source: IMEMC

Maria Ahmad al-Ghazali

May 5, 2019: Maria Ahmad al-Ghazali, 4 months, was killed by Israeli airstrikes targeting civilian areas in the Gaza Strip.

The Palestinian Ministry of Health confirmed the deaths of 23 Palestinians, including a family – mother, father and 4-month old baby, killed by Israeli missile strikes on residential areas in Gaza.

Palestinian and Israeli media sources reported that 23 Palestinians and 4 Israelis were killed since the Israeli offensive began on Saturday, as Israeli forces escalated their bombardment of the Gaza Strip, and Palestinian resistance groups fired more rockets into Israel.

Within the list of the Palestinians killed were two pregnant women (some media sources have added the two names of the fetuses to the casualty list).

The escalation of airstrikes occurred after Israeli Prime Minister Binjamin Netanyahu met with his cabinet and announced that he would increase his assault on the besieged coastal strip, where 2 million Palestinians live in the world’s largest open-air prison.

According to Haaretz, the army spokesperson said the military struck 260 “targets” in several parts of the Gaza Strip. Ha’aretz also reported that Energy Minister Yuval Steinitz ordered a temporary halt of the pumping of natural gas from the Tamar field off the coast of Gaza – a gas field which Palestinians say should belong to them, but which Israel claimed several years ago and has been pumping for gas since then.

Authorities say they fear the gas rig being targeted by Palestinian resistance fighters.

According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health, Abdel Rahim Mustafa Taha Al-Madhoun  and Hani Hamdan Abu Sha’ar, 37, were killed by Israeli missiles in the  northern Gaza Strip.

Four civilians, including a pregnant woman and her two children, were killed in an overnight raid on the town of Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip. They were identified as: Abdullah Abdul Rahim Al Madhoun, 22, Fadi Ragheb Badran, 31, and Shahida Amani Al-Madhoun (33 years old), who was killed along with her unborn baby – she was nine months pregnant.

In addition to the three killed,  eight others were reportedly injured in the Israeli  airstrike, which targeted Al-Faraj Sheikh Zayed in Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip.

Two Palestinian civilians were reportedly killed in the shelling of Rafah. They were identified as Mousa Muammar, 24, and Ali Abdul Jawad, 51 years old. Three people were seriously injured in that same airstrike, which  targeted a residential building in the city of Rafah.

The Israeli airforce reportedly targeted the home of the Director General of the Internal Security Forces in Gaza, Major General Tawfiq Abu Naim in Nosseirat central Gaza Strip.

Two apartments were destroyed in Tower No. 10 in the Sheikh Zayed Towers in the northern Gaza Strip.

The Health Ministry has reported that the army fired missiles into an apartment in Zayed Residential Towers, in northern Gaza, Sunday, killing Maria Ahmad Ramadan al-Ghazali, 4 months, along with her father Ahmad Ramadan al-Ghazali, 31, and her mother Iman Abdullah Usrof, 30.

The Ministry of Health also announced that two people were killed in a bombardment targeting agricultural land behind Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque in Al-Bureij refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip.

Two Palestinians were killed in that airstrike, they were identified as Mohammad Abdul Nabi Abu Armaneh, 30, and Mahmoud Samir Abu Armanah, 27.

Both were taken to the Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Hospital in Deir Al-Balah .

Israeli airstrikes destroyed the internal security building inside the governor’s palace west of Gaza City, following the destruction of another house belonging to the Mashtah family in central Gaza and a house belonging to the Abu Qamar family in al-Sina’a Street in Tel al-Hawa neighborhood in the west of Gaza City.

Earlier, Israeli planes carried out the first extrajudicial assassination in the current escalation by shelling a car belonging to Hamed al-Khudari, 34. He was targeted allegedly for transporting money from Iran to Gaza. Two other Palestinian fighters were killed in a separate airstrike around the same time.

In the official statistics, the Ministry of Health said that 10 people have been killed on Sunday and more than 95 people were injured as a result of the ongoing Israeli escalation for the second day in the Gaza Strip.

Ma’an News reported that four Palestinians were wounded when Israeli artillery shelled the house of the Awad family in al-Fakhari area east of Khan Yunis in the southern Gaza Strip.

Two civilians were wounded by shrapnel targeting civilians east of Al-Shojaeya neighborhood in the east of Gaza.Israeli aircraft targeted a house in the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip and an iron workshop belonging to the Abu Zour family in the Zeitoun neighborhood south of Gaza City.

Maria was from the Gaza Strip. Source: IMEMC

Amani al-Madhoun

May 5, 2019: Amani al-Madhoun, 33, was killed by Israeli airstrikes targeting civilian areas in the Gaza Strip. She was nine months pregnant when she was killed.

Amani was among 19 Palestinians killed in a single day by Israeli airstrikes, including a family – mother, father and 4-month old baby, killed by Israeli missile strikes on residential areas in Gaza. 4 Israelis were killed by Palestinian rocket fire, as Israeli forces escalated their bombardment of the Gaza Strip, and Palestinian resistance groups fired more rockets into Israel.

Within the list of the Palestinians killed were two pregnant women (some media sources have added the two names of the fetuses to the casualty list).

The escalation of airstrikes occurred after Israeli Prime Minister Binjamin Netanyahu met with his cabinet and announced that he would increase his assault on the besieged coastal strip, where 2 million Palestinians live in the world’s largest open-air prison.

According to Haaretz, the army spokesperson said the military has struck 260 “targets” in several parts of the Gaza Strip. Ha’aretz also reported that Energy Minister Yuval Steinitz ordered a temporary halt of the pumping of natural gas from the Tamar field off the coast of Gaza – a gas field which Palestinians say should belong to them, but which Israel claimed several years ago and has been pumping for gas since then. Israeli authorities said they feared the gas rig being targeted by Palestinian resistance fighters.

According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health, Abdel Rahim Mustafa Taha Al-Madhoun  and Hani Hamdan Abu Sha’ar, 37, were killed by Israeli missiles in the  northern Gaza Strip.

Three civilians, including a pregnant woman, were killed in an overnight raid on the town of Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip. They were identified as: Abdullah Abdul Rahim Al Madhoun, 22, Fadi Ragheb Badran, 31, and Amani Al-Madhoun (33 years old), who was killed along with her unborn baby – she was nine months pregnant.

In addition to the three killed,  eight others were reportedly injured in the Israeli  airstrike, which targeted Al-Faraj Sheikh Zayed in Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip.

Two Palestinian civilians were reportedly killed in the shelling of Rafah. They were identified as Mousa Muammar, 24, and Ali Abdul Jawad, 51 years old. Three people were seriously injured in that same airstrike, which  targeted a residential building in the city of Rafah.

The Israeli airforce reportedly targeted the home of the Director General of the Internal Security Forces in Gaza, Major General Tawfiq Abu Naim in Nosseirat central Gaza Strip.

Two apartments were destroyed in Tower No. 10 in the Sheikh Zayed Towers in the northern Gaza Strip.

The Health Ministry has reported that the army fired missiles into an apartment in Zayed Residential Towers, in northern Gaza, Sunday, killing Maria Ahmad Ramadan al-Ghazali, 4 months, along with her father Ahmad Ramadan al-Ghazali, 31, and her mother Iman Abdullah Usrof, 30.

The Ministry of Health also announced that two people were killed in a bombardment targeting agricultural land behind Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque in Al-Bureij refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip.

Two Palestinians were killed in that airstrike, they were identified as Mohammad Abdul Nabi Abu Armaneh, 30, and Mahmoud Samir Abu Armanah, 27.

Both were taken to the Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Hospital in Deir Al-Balah .

Israeli airstrikes destroyed the internal security building inside the governor’s palace west of Gaza City, following the destruction of another house belonging to the Mashtah family in central Gaza and a house belonging to the Abu Qamar family in al-Sina’a Street in Tel al-Hawa neighborhood in the west of Gaza City.

Earlier, Israeli planes carried out the first extrajudicial assassination in the current escalation by shelling a car belonging to Hamed al-Khudari, 34. He was targeted allegedly for transporting money from Iran to Gaza. Two other Palestinian fighters were killed in a separate airstrike around the same time.

In the official statistics, the Ministry of Health said that 10 people have been killed on Sunday and more than 95 people were injured as a result of the ongoing Israeli escalation for the second day in the Gaza Strip.

Ma’an News reported that four Palestinians were wounded when Israeli artillery shelled the house of the Awad family in al-Fakhari area east of Khan Yunis in the southern Gaza Strip.

Two civilians were wounded by shrapnel targeting civilians east of Al-Shojaeya neighborhood in the east of Gaza.Israeli aircraft targeted a house in the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip and an iron workshop belonging to the Abu Zour family in the Zeitoun neighborhood south of Gaza City.

Israeli gunboats participated in shelling several points on the coast of the Gaza Strip and shelled a marine police post at the fishermen’s port in Gaza and in Beit Lahia and the fishermen’s port in Khan Younis.

Amani was from Beit Lahia, in the northern Gaza Strip. Source: IMEMC

Fatima Suleiman

April 18, 2019: Fatima Suleiman, 42, was killed near her home in Teqoua’ town, southeast of Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank, after being rammed by the car of an illegal colonialist Israeli settler.

According to eyewitnesses, the Israeli attacker was driving a large truck when he struck the woman’s car, throwing her out of the vehicle. The attacker then ran her over and killed her, before fleeing the scene.

The slain Palestinian woman was a teacher at the Rashayda School.

The Israeli Police did come to the scene, but only to remove all security camera footage from a house overlooking the area where the incident took place.

The incident led to protests, as dozens of residents, mainly youngsters, took to the streets, and hurled stones at the Israeli army jeeps, while the soldiers attacked them with live fire, rubber-coated steel bullets and gas bombs.

The soldiers then detained a Palestinian teen, before handcuffing and blindfolding him, and later shot him from a very close range, after he attempted to escape while he was still cuffed and blindfolded.

The shooting took place following the funeral procession of the Palestinian woman.

A picture was posted on social media showing the young man, who was cuffed and blindfolded trying to run away, before the soldiers shot him.

A video posted on social media (below) shows the teen on the ground when witnesses lifted the teen’s limp body, bleeding heavily, carrying him from the scene, as the Israeli soldier stood pointing the same pistol at another young Palestinian man.

Fatima was from Teqoua’ town, southeast of Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank. Source: IMEMC

Samah Zoheir Mubarak

January 30, 2019: Samah Zoheir Mubarak, 16, was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers at the Zaim military roadblock, east of occupied Jerusalem, after she refused to remove her face covering.

The army later claimed that the girl “attempted to stab” the soldiers.

The Israeli military claimed that the child, Samah Zoheir Mubarak, 16, was carrying her schoolbag when she “pulled a knife and attempted to stab the soldiers”, and the soldiers fired several live rounds at her and killed her.

Furthermore, the Israeli police later abducted Samah’s father, and moved him to the al-Maskobiyya interrogation center in Jerusalem.

Media sources said that Samah was wearing an Islamic Niqab, and that the soldiers ordered her to uncover her face, but she refused before the soldiers shot and killed her, alleging that she attempted to stab them.

She was walking in an area of the military roadblock only designated for vehicles and not pedestrians when she was fatally shot from a close range. The Border Police examined her schoolbag, which was filled with books, and school stationary.

Samah was left bleeding on the ground and died from her wounds. She is from Nusseirat in Gaza, but her family moved to Umm ash-Sharayet neighborhood in the central West Bank city of Ramallah, and was an eleven-grade school student.

It is worth mentioning that Samah has just returned from Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, a few days ago, after performing pilgrimage.

Samah was from Umm ash-Sharayet neighborhood in the central West Bank city of Ramallah. Source: IMEMC